THE GREEK & ROMAN CITIES OF WESTERN TURKEY

by

Michael Greenhalgh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Preface

The Introduction

• A brief scene-setting
• The geography of Turkey
• Why this book?

The progress of archaeology

Quality, preservation & destruction

Damage top the monuments

Low population levels

Discoveries yet to be made

Forces for preservation

Some sites are difficult to rob

Some sites are easy to rob

Frustrations & pleasures of Turkish sites

Some sites have changed little

Some sites have changed a lot

Bibliographical notes

ARCHAEOLOGY IN TURKEY

The Middle Ages: The Turks and Classical Antiquities

• Ibn Khaldun
• Treasure hunting & the monuments
• Coins & medals
• Imitation of antique coinage

Europeans and Turkey: Renaissance to 18th Century

• Travellers to Turkey

The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus

• The 18th century revival of travel
• Early guidebooks

  Early scholarship

Europe and Turkey: the 19th Century

• Greece or Turkey?

The 20th Century Renaissance: Re-Erection and Beautification

• Reconstructing the past
• Decline & preservation
• New sites to be unearthed
• Bibliographical notes

BUILDING FOR SPLENDOUR

Embellishing the site

• The Seven Wonders of the World
• The city as a work of art
• Sculpture as a vehicle of meaning

The survival of splendour in Turkey

Regular city plans

• The glory of Pergamum
• Why splendour?
• Marble and beautification
• Taste for the colossal

Hellenistic splendour The Romans & the splendour of the Greeks

• Roman art: international art The Romans as collectors of Greek art
• The Byzantines & the splendour of the Romans

The West & antique splendour

• The Venetians

Bibliographical notes

Town Planning: Streets & Walls

Introduction

The city plan

.....Variations on the Hippodamian model

The city walls & their embellishments

The survival of city walls

.....The walls of Assos

.....The dismantling of city walls

Walls as art?

.....Spolia as an embellishment for later walls

.....Nicaea

Streets and their embellishment

.....Stoas and streets

.....Colonnaded streets

.....Terracing

.....Sculptural decoration

Decline: the reworking of the city plan

.....The monuments reused as building materials

Bibliographical notes

Services: Roads, Water Supply, Aqueducts, Harbours

Introduction

Roads between towns

Survival of roads

Bridges

Water supply & aqueducts

.....Cisterns

.....Aqueducts

.....Pergamum & Aspendos

Monumental fountains & nymphaea

.....Fountain decoration

Drains

.....Consequences of bad drainage

Harbours

Bibliographical notes

The Architecture of Work & Leisure

Introduction

Structures for city government

The agora

.....The agora as monumental complex

.....Ephesus

.....Perge

.....Aphrodisias

.....Seleukia in Pamphylia

.....Alinda

Theatre & amphitheatre

.....Perge & Aspendos

Magnificence in theatres

Amphitheatres

Stadium & hippodrome

.....Constantinople

Gymnasium, palaestra & bath

.....Monumental baths

Religion: Temples & Special Sanctuaries

Introduction

City temples & altars

.....The Pergamum Altar

Special sanctuaries

.....Labranda

.....Didyma

.....Claros

.....Letoon

Churches & mosques

.....Side, Sardis & Xanthos

.....Conversion to mosques

Bibliographical notes

Funerary Art & Architecture

Introduction

Cemeteries

.....Streets of tombs

.....Hierapolis

.....Assos

Sarcophagi & their continuing popularity

.....Making sarcophagi

.....Decorating sarcophagi

Rock-cut tombs

.....Elaiussa-Sebaste

House tombs

.....Stone doors

Monumental tombs: the Mausoleum again

Tumuli

Bibliographical notes

Decline & Renewal

Introduction

Which level of a site to preserve?

Decline in East & West

The timescale of decline

.....Sardis

.....Didyma

Variable rates of decline

Causes of urban decline

.....Lawlessness

.....Theft of building materials

.....Theft of metals

Characteristics of the re-use of antique monuments

Mediaeval appreciation of the antique?

Re-use under the Late Empire & Byzantium

.....Constantinople

A superabundance of spolia

.....Spolia as decorative elements

.....Spolia as structural elements

Ways to reservation

.....Preservation through re-use

.....Remodelling existing buildings

Christianity & the ancient monuments

.....Aphrodisias

Islam & the ancient monuments

.....Ibn Batuta at Seljuk

Revival & survival

Bibliographical note

The Conclusion

The Bibliography

Bibliography: A - B

Bibliography: C - E

Bibliography: F - G

Bibliography: H - L

Bibliography: M - P

Bibliography: R - T

Bibliography: V - Z