THE GREEK & ROMAN CITIES OF WESTERN TURKEY

by

Michael Greenhalgh


There is a brief explanation of what I am trying to do, and of the setup and symbols I have used.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Preface

The Introduction

The progress of archaeology
Quality, preservation & destruction
Damage top the monuments
Low population levels
Discoveries yet to be made
Forces for preservation
Some sites are difficult to rob
Some sites are easy to rob
Frustrations & pleasures of Turkish sites

Some sites have changed little
Some sites have changed a lot
Bibliographical notes

ARCHAEOLOGY IN TURKEY

The Middle Ages: The Turks and Classical Antiquities Europeans and Turkey: Renaissance to 18th Century The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus Europe and Turkey: the 19th Century The 20th Century Renaissance: Re-Erection and Beautification

BUILDING FOR SPLENDOUR

Embellishing the site
The survival of splendour in Turkey
Regular city plans Hellenistic splendour The Romans & the splendour of the Greeks The West & antique splendour Bibliographical notes

Town Planning: Streets & Walls

Introduction
The city plan
.....Variations on the Hippodamian model
The city walls & their embellishments
The survival of city walls
.....The walls of Assos
.....The dismantling of city walls
Walls as art?
.....Spolia as an embellishment for later walls
.....Nicaea
Streets and their embellishment
.....Stoas and streets
.....Colonnaded streets
.....Terracing
.....Sculptural decoration
Decline: the reworking of the city plan
.....The monuments reused as building materials
Bibliographical notes

Services: Roads, Water Supply, Aqueducts, Harbours

Introduction
Roads between towns
Survival of roads
Bridges
Water supply & aqueducts
.....Cisterns
.....Aqueducts
.....Pergamum & Aspendos
Monumental fountains & nymphaea
.....Fountain decoration
Drains
.....Consequences of bad drainage
Harbours
Bibliographical notes

The Architecture of Work & Leisure

Introduction
Structures for city government
The agora
.....The agora as monumental complex
.....Ephesus
.....Perge
.....Aphrodisias
.....Seleukia in Pamphylia
.....Alinda
Theatre & amphitheatre
.....Perge & Aspendos
Magnificence in theatres
Amphitheatres
Stadium & hippodrome
.....Constantinople
Gymnasium, palaestra & bath
.....Monumental baths

Religion: Temples & Special Sanctuaries

Introduction
City temples & altars
.....The Pergamum Altar
Special sanctuaries
.....Labranda
.....Didyma
.....Claros
.....Letoon
Churches & mosques
.....Side, Sardis & Xanthos
.....Conversion to mosques
Bibliographical notes

Funerary Art & Architecture

Introduction
Cemeteries
.....Streets of tombs
.....Hierapolis
.....Assos
Sarcophagi & their continuing popularity
.....Making sarcophagi
.....Decorating sarcophagi
Rock-cut tombs
.....Elaiussa-Sebaste
House tombs
.....Stone doors
Monumental tombs: the Mausoleum again
Tumuli
Bibliographical notes

Decline & Renewal

Introduction
Which level of a site to preserve?
Decline in East & West
The timescale of decline
.....Sardis
.....Didyma
Variable rates of decline
Causes of urban decline
.....Lawlessness
.....Theft of building materials
.....Theft of metals
Characteristics of the re-use of antique monuments
Mediaeval appreciation of the antique?
Re-use under the Late Empire & Byzantium
.....Constantinople
A superabundance of spolia
.....Spolia as decorative elements
.....Spolia as structural elements
Ways to reservation
.....Preservation through re-use
.....Remodelling existing buildings
Christianity & the ancient monuments
.....Aphrodisias
Islam & the ancient monuments
.....Ibn Batuta at Seljuk
Revival & survival
Bibliographical note

The Conclusion

The Bibliography

Bibliography: A - B
Bibliography: C - E
Bibliography: F - G
Bibliography: H - L
Bibliography: M - P
Bibliography: R - T
Bibliography: V - Z