Kivas
The KIVA is a circular room, generally built under the ground (subterranean) and is about 6.2m (20ft) in diameter and 2.5m (8ft) high. Access to the kiva was via a ladder through a hole in the roof. This hole also served as an escape for the smoke. The roof of the Kiva generally served as a courtyard in the dwelling.
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Entrance to Renovated Kiva, Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park. |
The structure of the Kiva changed and developed throughout Anasazi history, however it remains a clear and distinct element of identification of their presence in an area. Over time the kiva changed from being supported by four pilasters (column of masonry, set against the wall, and upon which the roof rested) to having 6 supports. This advancement changed the shape and size of the kiva.
During early times, the Kiva had plastered earth walls, usually elaborately decorated, although this too was replaced by stone masonary. Whole kivas were lined with this masonary, which was then plastered and highly decorated. Kiva mural painting was a highly significant and specialised art form.
Kivas were, where possible, aligned north to SOUTH, with the sipapu, fire pit, deflector and ventilator all built on this axis. This practice was standard by the Pueblo III period. Kivas generally have regional variations, though most display the common features. |
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The use of Kivas in ancient times has been derived by studying their use in modern time. Kivas are ( and presumably were ) used to hold special meetings, ceremonies and rituals. These may have been held for a variety of reasons - to promote the growth of the crops, to bring success to the hunters, to arrange a marriage or to bring peace to the village. By the Pueblo III period, each clan or family group had their own kiva. These areas were used for family meetings and sometimes as a work area.
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