Dates and deeds in Renaissance planning of Rome

1425: Bull of Martin V (cited by Ackerman at pp.3-4) describing the insanitary and ruinous conditions of the street of Rome;

1452: statues of the Maestri di Strada;

1453: first repair of the Aqua Virgine;

1450s: project of Nicholas V fo0r remodelling the Borgo partly as a way of strengthening speech. Ackerman (p.7) translates Manetti's supposed deathbed speech. He maintained that the authority of the Church can appeal to the unliterary and uncultured masses by "grandiose spectacles". And "With magnificent buildings ... monuments in some sepse perpetual that appear almost to testify to the hand of God himself, the popular conviction may be strengthened and confirmed in the same way as it is in the affirmations of the learned."

NB Manetti's work of 1455 is post-mortem hagiography, arranged under five headings:

fortifications;

church restoration;

the Borgo;

Vatican Palace;

S Peter's; Burroughs (Ramsey 1982, pp.197-200) gives solid archive-derived reasons why we should take Manetti's material as hagiography, rather than an accurate report of this done - of res gestae.

1471-84: reign of Sixtus IV ikncludes rebuilding over 30 churches, building seven new ones, inaugurating the collection of classical statues on bthe Capitol, and building the first post-antique bridge over the Tiber, the Ponte Sisto.

1475: importance of preparations for the Jubilee Year;

1471-84: Sixtus IV della Rovere improves:

Via Recta (Coronari);

Via Papalis;

Via Peregrinorum (Mercatoria);

Via Lungaa: up to 13 metres wide, this attracted villas, conspicuously Chigi's Villa Farnesina;;

In 1472, rebuilds SM del Popolo;

1477: markets moved from Capitoline to Piazza Navona;

1480: bull for the Magistri Stratarum giving powers to buiold and to tax their neighbourhoods (is this the same bull as that referred to immediately below??)

1480: bull of Sixtus IV decrees the widening of streets, the removal of porticoes and other impediements to free passage, and proper paving in brick; As the inscription under the Melozzo da Forli fresco (Vatican) records: "You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Aqua Virgine as far as the Trevi..."

1500: for the Jubilee, Alexander VI Borgia plans the Via Alessandrina (or Borgo Nuovo) from Castel Sant'Angelo to the Vatican Palace;

1503-13: Julius II della Rovere begins the Via Giulia (straight, and broad for a Roman street), which runs from near the river (by S Giovanni dei Fiorentini) cutting off the bulge of the Tiber. The stree became the site for prestigious palaces:

in 1518, Alessandro Farnese (late Pope Paul III) begins Palazzo Farnese, which fronts onto its own dignified square, but the gardens of which back onto Via Giulia (plus a bridge over the road to more gardens originally by the Tiber;

The grand designs of the Via Giulia remain only as fragments, witness Bramante's commission for a Palazzo dei Tribunali (only the rusticated basement remains). It was to have been fronted by a 50x100-metre piazza opened up to the Cancelleria; This, the Forum Giulia, survived in theory as the new piazza in front of Palazzo Farnese;]1516; dome complete by 1526, lantern by 1538 (facade is later);

Part of the plan included Julius II's concession of a plot of land for S Eligio, begun 1513-21 Leo X Medici:

constructs a right-hand street out of Piazza del Popolo called Via Leonina (now Ripetta, della Scrofa) leading to Piazza Navona. Originally he was to build a palace on the now site of S Luigi dei Francesi (ceded for political reasons to the French), and the road was to terminate here;

Ackerman points out (p.12) that Raphael and Antonio da Sangallo the Younger were planning advisers to the Maestri della Strada, lived on bthe new street; and he suggests that it was probably Raphael's idea botyh to have this third street and to erect the obelisk in the middle of Piazza del Popolo;

Ackerman also notes (p.11) that Leo decreed that small landholders along Via Lungara could be evicted by neighbouring large estates in order to ensure the elegance of the area!

1513-21: Leo X Medici

1523-34 Clement VII Medici

1534-49: Paul III Farnese:

lays down the trident at Piazza del Popolo;

1538: he improves the Via Lata (del Corso);

lays out the Via Paolina (now Via del Babuino;

lays out the cross street of Via Trinitatis, from Piazza di Spagna down today's Via Condotti and straight to the river and hence the Vatican;

1559-65 Pius IV Medici:

in 1561 Michelangeo designs Via Pia and Porta Pia, from the Quirinal out towards the Nomentana. Ackerman very perceptively notes (p.12-13) that this wasn't really a gate in any sense, but rather a fanfare terminating the long boulevard, which itself was lined not with buildings but with elegant villa gates.

Ackerman (p.8) cites a plaque erected in Via de' Banchi (viz from the Ponte Sant'Angelo into the old town) "To Julius II, Pontifex Maximus, wo, after enlarging the boundaries of the Papal State and freeing Italy, adorned the city of Rome, which had formerly been like an occupied city rather than a well-arranged one, with fine streets which he measured and widened in accordance with the majesty of the Empire." - an echo of Suteonius QUOTE.

late 1580s: Sixtus V

P.A. Ramsey, editor, Rome in the Renaissance: the city and the myth (Papers of]13th annual conference of the Center for Medieval & Early RFenaissance Studies), Binghampton NY 1982. cf. J.S. Ackerman, The planning of Renaissance Rome, 1450-1580 at pp 3-17; and C. Burroughs, A planned myth and a myth of planning: Nicholas V and Rome, at pp. 197-207;

Accanto alla porta del Popolo dalla banda di fuori vi sono due bastini fatti modernamente di belli quaqdri di marmi gentili, quali sono tutti bucati all'usanza de' Goti, per rubarne le spranghe, che cosi ne fanno fede gli altri edifizj antichi; ed ho osservato, che bucavano tra un sasso, e l'altro, dve era la commessura, per essere quello il luogo della spranga; e cosi veniva bucato il marmo di spora, e quallo di sotto, altrimente non la potevano cavare. Ora in detti bastini dette buche non affrrontano. Dunque e segno manifesto, che sono spoglie d'altri edifizj; ed avendo Sisto IV, gran fabbricatore, edificata S. Maria del Popolo, accio piu eternamente durasse la sua memoria, essendo la chiesa attaccata a detta porta, che un giorno per qualunque accidente di guerra poteva esser desolata, egli vi fabbrico detti bastioni per sua difesa con li detti marmi, de' quali spogliasse quel gran masso, che altro non poteva esserem che un mausoleo: giacche vediamo che appresso le porte della citta, e nelle vie pubbliche si collocavano, e V.S. ne ha uno accanto la porta di S. Pietro in Perugia (Flaminio Vacca, Miscellanea filologica, critica e antiquaria, Rome 1790, p.c; cited by E. KMuentz, Les arts a la cour des Papes, III, Paris 1882, 163;

A Brandolini, Cod Vat.Lat.5008 ff.68v-69r, cited by Muentz loc.cit,: Cum tibi, diva parens, totum sint templa per orbem, Cur juvat imprimis hoc habitare loco? Est insigne quidem: nec eo praestantius ullum, Huic tamen aequa aliis sont quoque templa locis. An quia sit magnum: donisque auroque superbum? Sunt tibi majores, si modo quaeris, opes. Quae causa est igitur? videor mihi nosse fatebor: Ut Sixtum possis saepe videre tuum.

Bartsch

Brizio: Carracci tomb to pyramids;

Ag Carracci: to portraits to demonstrate how naturalistic are 17thC tombs; ditto his grand coats of arms;

Ciamberlano: to allegory and to acanthus;

CoriolanoP: to portraits, pyramids and allegory;

Del Po: papal tombs and catafalques;

Falda: various!

Galestruzzi: antiquarian roundels;

Gallino: stage scenery;

Giovannini: antique funerary monuments;

Grimaldi: Roman antiquities;

Leoni: superb portraits

Mantegna: the Triumphs;

Master of 1519: romantic view of Capitol;

Nicoletto: various

Raimondi: lots of raphaelesque stuff;

Santi: shield designs;

Tempesta: view of churches;

Zoan Andrea: antiquarian pilasters;

Mattiae on P. del Popolo: do his illustrations;

Vasi: is he already in the database??

Town Planning as seen in my Plans of Rome

Schedel 26.JPG shows Nicholas' street in the Borgo, but does not name it;

Bufalini 31.JPG shows a META in front of the now church of SM dei Miracoli; this is dated 1551, and the meta is square - so why don't other people show it?

Ligorio 32.JPG in 1552 does show a cubic bloxck in the right place, without naming it = and he has two obelisks flanking the entrance of Augustus' Mausoleum;

In Ligorio's 1553 plate, just of qantiquities, 3.JPG, he has the same cube, now seen as having an entrance on the only side we can see, and perhaps an entablature on top;

Duperac 6.JPG in 1574 shows what is conceivably the same monument, in his reco0nstructions of ancient Rome, with swags and a pyramid on top;

Tempesta's 1593 (second impression 1606 in his inscription) plan shows us:

17.JPG the straight streets in the Borgo;

12.JPG that Piazza Navona is now tidy and equipped with fountains;

10.JPG shows Palazzo Farnese, with its impressive qantique vasce in front, backing onto the broad Via Giulia;

As a generaln comment on the Tempesta map, notice how many trees there are within enclosed urban gardens - an indication of the small population;

This rural aspect is (as one would expect) even more visible on the outskirts, e.g. 8.JPTG, by the Porta Septimiana;

13.JPG for the sumptuous facades of Via Giulia;

20.JPG for the trident at Ponte Sant'Angelo;

21.JPG for PLATEA S PETRI with the obelisk in plaec, and the streets of the Borgo a view of the Palace Gardens (with the Library already in place: Sixtus V had Domenico Fontana erect it in 1587-8; and the Belvedere ;

24.JPG for closeup of the Belvedere;

40.JPG for LOateran, with its obelisk;

42.JPG for the flurry of aqueducts at Porta Maggiore;

45.JPG forum;

46.JPG Campidoglio;

53.JPG for SM Maggiore with its obelisk;

56.JPG for Column of Trajan;

57.JPG for Piazza S. Macuteo with its obelisk;

58.JPG for Pantheon with its antiquities still in front;

59.JPG for CColumn of Marcus Aurelius:

60.JPG for Via Pia and Porta Pia, showing all the villa gardens backing onto the road;

61.JPG for the muddy hill in front of Trinita dei Monti;

62.JPG for closeup of Via Pia;

63.JPG and 64.JPG and 65.JPG for Via Trinitatis; 75.JPG for the whole of Via Trinitatis;

68.JPGT for the Sepulcrum Neronis and the Muro Torto;

69.JPG for Piazza del Popolo;

70.JPG for the Popolo trident;

71.JPG for a closeup of Piazza del Popolo;

72.JPG and 73.JPG for Villa Medici;

77.JPG for Campus Martius and Corso;

78.JPG for SM Maggiore amid its fields, and with the walls of Rome in the background;

79.JPG for forum and Campidoglio;

80.JPG for the Via gregoriana leading to the Lateran;

81.JPG for the Celian, walls and aqueducts - very rural;

82.JPG for Forum Boarium and Tiber Island;

87.JPG and 88.JPG for the Borgo near to Castel Sant'Angelo;

89.JPG for the Sistine trident at the bridge??

90.JPG showing th4e stunning width of the Via della Lungara - cf. the roads on the other side of the Tiber!!

91.JPG for southern end of Viqa Giulia;

93.JPG and 94.JPG for Trastevere, with its gardens and fields;

Falda's Prints

Piazza del Popolo: 5708-15;

SM del Popolo interior: 5715-17;

Campidoglio 5720-2

Pyramid of Cestius: 5730;

SM sopra Minerva: 5732-3;

Cathedra Petri: 5734-5

Piazza S Pietro: 5736;

Trinita dei Monti: 5742;

Villa Medidi: 5743 & 5752-3;

Emplacement for future Fontana di Trevi: 5744-5;

S Andrea al Via Flaminia: 5746-7;

Old S Peters: 5755-61;

Piazza Navona: 5762-3

SM dei Mirqacoli: 5764-6;

Tomb of Sixtus IV: 5768-71;

Pollaiuolo7s slab-Tomb of Sixtus IV: 5773-5;

Tomb of Eugenius IV: 5777-9;

Vasi

Piazza/Porta del Popolo: 1012745-7 1012799-801;

Lateran obelisk 1012751;

SM Maggiore obelisk 1012759;

Trinita dei Monti obelisk 1012760; 1012764 wiVatican Belvedere: 1012768th Spanish Steps;

Quirinal obelisk 1012766;

Pantheon obelisk 1012772

Porta S sebastaino & Pyramid of Cestius: 1012777-9;

Vatican Belvedere: 1012786;

Porta del Popolo: 1012789-90 ared these the baulks with the spolia??

Porta S Sebastiano & Pyramid of Cestius 1012796-7;

1012802 and 1012804: the Monte Citorio Obelisk broken and then reerected;

Pantheon obelisk: 1012806;

Piazza Navona 1012807;

Vatican obelisk 1012808 & 1012814;

Lateran obelisk 1012812;

Quirinal obelisk 1012829

Falda Fontane

Piazza del Popolo 1015305-7;

Hill where Spanish Steps now are: 1015310;

Bernin Three rivers 1015313-15;

Villa Giulia 1015326-32;

Fountain of Rome at Villa d'Este: 1015342-4;